EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
======================
References + Cites
by
Kari A. Tikkanen
May 1998
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Markings
/ / Scientific reference, paper
' ' Cite
CURSIVE is style in original texts, not mine.
BOLD and "====" are mine additions
KAT-> my comments and conclusions
Explanations
HS Helsingin Sanomat, Finnish newspaper
Tieteen Kuvalehti Finnish & Nordic popular science magazine
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EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - INDEX May 1998
==============================
A. HS - Evolution elevator -> Principles of evolution work
B. HS - nuclear waste bacteria -> learned to eat nuclear waste
C. HS - "small foot" Fossil found
D. HS - ancestor of insects found
E. HS - mutant moles of Tshernobyl survive surprisingly well
F. HS - ambulocetus- transformial form of whale and land mammal
G. HS - 6th Archaeopteryx(reptile-bird) found ->Shows:Not fake
H. HS - Believe or not -> Bible is not encyclopedia of science
I. My own referee list paper
J. Breeding of animal and wegetable -> useful mutation
K. Holland: Genetic Algorithms, -> new jet turbines etc
L. Alberts &..: Molecular Biology of the CELL
M. My notes transformial forms etc
N. Storer: General Zoology -> gradual evolution of horse
O. Sources, references -> useful mutations
P. Sorsa,.. : Perinnollisyys,s.77 -> antib.resistance by mutations
Q. Moody: Introduction to Evolution -> alfa, beta hemoglobin -codes
R. NewSci: Molecular evolution in lab -> mutant molecules
S. Tiet. Kuvalehti: Ancient insect found
T. New Sci : Ambulocetus-missing link found -> Whale with legs
U. Stent: Molecular Genetics, -> antib.resistance by mutations
V. Watson: Molecular Biology of the Gene -> useful mutations
W. Michaels: Dating Methods in Archaeology -> Calibration of C-14
X. Nature, Baillie: Irish tree rings -> over 7000 yrs tree rings
Y. Nature, Hammer: Greenland ice ->over 10 000 yrs of ice
Z. My own little comparing of hemoglobin codes
ZA. Sci Am., Molecular Paleontology -> genes have common origin
ZB. Kaudewitz: Molecular -und Mikroben ->origin of a-,b ja g-hemoglobin
ZC. Perspectives on Evolution -> forming of Phylogenetic tree
ZD. Stebbins: Processes of Organic Evol. -> Mutations reason to res.
ZE. Otavan Suuri Ensyklopedia, Kasvinjalostus ->useful mutations
ZF. Lajiutuminen on tosiasia -> My examples of speciation
ZG. Sci Am.,Grant: "Darwin Finches",s.61 -> Pics of Darwin finches
ZH. Kodin Suuri elainkirja: Darwinin peipot -> Pics of Darwin finches
ZI. Sci Am.: Archaeopteryx I,II,s.44 -> Comparing of pictures
ZJ. Some my own book critique..
ZK. My own Archaeopteryx-compare..
ZL. My paper..
ZM. Science, New Fossil Bird, s.796 -> New Fossil Bird found
ZN. Tieteen Kuvalehti: Basiliosaurus-Whale fossil -> Whale with legs
ZQ. Mikrobitti: TIERRA -> evolution in computer
ZP. New. Sci. : TIERRA ->evol in computer, biol. importance
ZQ. Nature : TIERRA ->evol in computer, biol. importance
ZR. Tast-Tyrvainen: Biol.of schoolbook evolution of horse
ZS. Strickberger: Genetics -> mitochondria-code is exceptional
ZT. Science, Wheeler: ... -> genes controls Behaviour of flies
ZU. JW's claims about evol. in 1967
ZV."Lajiutuminen on tosiasia" +Internet 12 speciation examples
ZW. Sorsa : Perinnollisyys useful mutations
ZX. Valitut Palat: PCB-bakteerit PCB-bacterias (Reader's Digest)
ZY. Knuth: Fundamental Algorithms -> tree that C's don't know
ZZ. Dalrymple: The Age of the Earth ->Earth is old
QA. Taylor: Solar system abundancies ->Elements are result of fusion
QB. Giovanelli: 11 yr-cycles of Sun can be seen on 680 myr old coral
QC. Kakkuri: Planeetta Maa -> Milankovitch and great cycles
QD. Sci. Am,Broecker: What drives glacial.. ->Earth is old
QE. Watson: Molecular Biology s.1104, -> RNA works as enzyme itself
QF. HS-Grönlannin jääporaus -> over 100 000 years of ice cores
QG. Internet: Evidence for antibiotic resistance by mutations
QH. Internet: Biochemical family tree -> Error of Denton's & C's
QI. Case,G.R.: FOSSIL GUIDE
QJ. INTERNET: Denton-critique & morphological changes
QK. INTERNET: Speciation examples
QL. INTERNET: Morphological changes and multicellularity
QM. Denton-critique and intermediate stage in insect flight evolution
QN. MEDLINE: Antibiotic resistance using UV irradiation -> mutations
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A. HS - Evolution elevator -> Principles of evolution work
/Helsingin Sanomat, Timo Paukku, tiede.ymparisto,la 22.4.1995,D2/
' EVOLUUTIO OHJAA HISSINKIN TAIPALETTA
Geneettiset ohjelmat, hermoverkot ja sumea logiikka tulevat
arkipäivän sovelluksiin 1990-luvun lopulla'
' Geenit ohjaavat ihmisen taivallusta Maan päällä, mutta vain hullu
väittäisi, että myös hissien laskuja ja nousuja. Hissiyhtiö Kone
aikoo kuitenkin rohkeasti lainata luontoa ja liikuttaa tuotteitaan
evoluutio-oppien avulla.
Tutkija Juha Herajärvi Vaasan yliopistosta tietää, miksi tavara-
talon hissit eivät ehkä pian anna odotuttaa itseään. Kun hän parin
kolmen vuoden kuluttua painaa tavaratalon ruuhkaisessa hissiaulassa
nappia, alkaa tietokoneessa mutaatioiden kuhina.'
'Tulevaisuuden hissit löytävät parhaat reitit geneettisen
algoritmin (GA) avulla"
'Vaasan yliopistossa tehdyissä kokeiluissa hissien GA-ohjain on lyhen-
tänyt odotusaikaa jopa kaksitoista prosenttia vanhoihin ajoihin
verrattuna. Evoluution annettiin kokeissa edetä varsin pitkään eli
tunnin verran. Hisseissä GA:n pitäisi pystyä päätöksiin alle puolessa
sekunnissa.
Pienikin tehokkuuden lisäys on 'hissien evoluutiota' rahoittavalle
Kone-yhtiölle selvä etu maailman hissimarkkinoilla - sadoissa pilven-
piirtäjissä odottaa joka hetki tuhansia kärsimättömiä napinpainajia.'
Those were the things in 90's.
Now in 21th century GA's are in commercial use by Kone corporation:
"The KONE Alta(tm) elevator design is developed for super-tall office
buildings up to 500 meters (1,600 ft) in height. These elevators can
transport up to 70 passengers and reach speeds up to 17 meters per
second (3,400 ft/min). This is possible thanks to powerful double-rotor
versions of the KONE EcoDisc® hoisting machines.
..
KONE Alta(tm) control systems employ genetic algorithms for
optimized routing of elevator cars using fuzzy logic and artificial
intelligence for specific control tasks."
-www.kone.com
KAT
->Finnish elevation factory/company (KONE) is now applying
genetic algoriths and evolution principles to elevator
controlling computer programs
->simulations, made in University of Vaasa, have shown that
waiting delay shortened 12 % in some cases compared with
traditional programs.
->shows that principles of evolution work - even in computers
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B. HS - nuclear waste bacteria -> learned to eat nuclear waste
/Helsingin Sanomat ti 28.5.1991, s.A5/
' YDINVOIMALAJÄTETTÄ TUHOAVA BAKTEERI LÖYTYI LOVIISASSA
IVO kauppaa keksintöä maailmalle'
'Kehitystyössä mukana olleen erikoistutkija Risto Järnströmin mukaan
sopivan bakteerikannan löytäminen on vaatinut uskoa ja kärsivälli-
syyttä."Jätteiden kompostointia on tutkittu jo vuodesta 1984 lähtien
Oikea laji löytyi ns. luonnon valinnan avulla.Tietyissä oloissa
ja oikealla ruokinnalla jotkut bakteerilajit oppivat vähitellen
syömään myös hartsia"'
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C. HS - "small foot" Fossil found
/Helsingin Sanomat, ti 1.8.1995, s.B1 (New York Times)/
' "PIKKU JALKA" KIEHTOO ALKUIHMSEN TUTKIJOITA
Fossiililöytö viittaa esi-isämme kävelleen pystyssa mutta
kiipeilleen kuin apina'
'NEW YORK - Tuliperäisestä tuhkasta löydetyt jalanjäljet osoittavat
että esi-isämme Afrikassa kävelivät kahdella jalalla jo 3,7 miljoo-
naa vuotta sitten.'
'Neljän jalkaluun löytyminen Etelä-Afrikasta on merkittävin
fossiilinen todiste esihistoriallisesta muutosprosessista.'
'Paleontologit kuvaavat Afrikan löytöä viime vuosikymmenien
merkittävimmäksi. Neljä luuta ovat suuri askel selvitettäessä
hominidien alkuperää. Ne ovat eläneet yli 3,5 miljoonaa vuotta
sitten ja kuuluivat mitä ilmeisimmin apinaihmisten
(australopithecus) sukuun.
Suurin merkitys ihmisen kehityshistorialle on kuitenkin se, että
"pikku jalaksi" nimetty löytö osoittaa alkuihmisen olleen ihmisen-
kaltainen ja jättäneen maahan apinanjalkaa muistuttavan jäljen.'
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D. HS - ancestor of insects found
/Helsingin Sanomat, Tiede.Ympäristö, 3.8.1991, s.B15 (Reuter)/
' ...NIIN KUIN AIKOINAAN MAANKIN
Kaikkien hyönteisten kantaisä löytyi Australiasta'
'Läntisestä Australiasta löydetty 420 miljoonaa vuotta vanha fossiili
saattaa osoittautua kaikkien maapallon hyönteisten kantaisäksi.
Australialainen paleontologi kertoi torstaina, että fossiili oli
ehkä ensimmäinen eliö, joka kohosi merestä maalle.
Fossiilin löytänyt Ken McNamara Länsi-Australian museosta arvelee,
että fossiili täyttää ehkä puuttuvan renkaan niveljalkaisten ja
hyönteisten välillä.'
'Fossiili kuuluu euthycarcinoiden ryhmään, joiden luultiin eläneen
"vain" 230-300 miljoonaa vuotta sitten.'
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E. HS - mutant moles of Tshernobyl survive surprisingly well
/Helsingin Sanomat, Tiede.Ympäristö, Steven Dickman, 19.8.1995,sD2/
' TSHERNOBYLIN MYYRÄ MUUTTUU SILMISSÄ
Mutaatioiden määrä turma-alueella yllätti tutkijat'
'Radioaktiivinen säteily Tshernobylin onneettomuusalueella on yhä
voimakasta. Alueen eläimissä tapahtuu geenimutaatioita niin nopeaan,
että se on yllättänyt tutkijat.
Ydinturman jälkeen eräissä lajeissa on tapahtunut enemmän mutaa-
tioita kuin yleensä tapahtuu kymmenessä miljoonassa vuodessa.
Voisi melkein sanoa, että kyseisten eläinten evoluution näkee
paljaalla silmällä. Tutkijat ovat löytäneet poikkeuksellisen
mutaatiovauhdin mitokondrioiden DNA:sta kahdelta peltomyyriin
(Microtus) kuuluvalta lajilta, jotka elävät Tshernobylissä
radioaktiivisen laskeuman saastuttamalla alueella.'
'Tutkimusta johtanut Ros Chesser Georgian yliopistosta pitää
yllättävänä sitä, että nämä eläimet pysyvät hengissä - ja
kukoistavat - suunnattomasta mutaatioiden määrästä huolimatta.
Ryhmä on havainnut "paljon enemmän mutaatioita kuin pidettiin
todennäköisenä elikelpoisessa populaatiossa", Chesser sanoo.'
'Tärkein tutkimuksen tulos on ehkä siinä, että se kertoo kuinka
sinnikkäitä eläinpopulaatiot ovat luonnossa. Laboratoriossakin
on altistettu hiiri- ja banaanikärpäspopulaatioita voimakkaalle
radioaktiiviselle säteilylle sukupolvien ajan ilman, että
niiden yksilömäärät ovat vähentyneet merkittävästi.'
*Correction - Timo "TJT" Tarvonen has sended following citation :
............................................................
:High Levels of Genetic Change in Rodents of Chernobyl
:
:Copyright 1997 NatureNature 390, 100 (1997)
:
:Nature 380, 707-708 (1996): The authors previously reported an
:elevated DNA substitution rate in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene
:of voles from Chernobyl. Their conclusion was based on a higher level
:of variation in rodents living in the zone of radioactivity than in
:rodents from control regions. Those DNA sequences were obtained by
:manual sequencing of cloned PCR products. They have subsequently
:attempted to replicate these findings with direct, automated
:sequencing of PCR products from the same animals. They found
:discrepancies between these sequences generated by direct automated
:methods and those previously reported. Re-examination of the original
:autoradiograms revealed that the elevated levels of variation were
:largely a product of human error in scoring, aligning and recording
:the sequences. This error has been confirmed by automated sequencing
:of a selected sample of the original clones on which the manual
:sequences were based. There remains a higher rate of substitution in
:the nine animals from the radioactive zone than in the ten animals
:from the control population, but the difference is not statistically
:significant with this sample size. There is variation among the clones
:from the mice living in the radioactive regions, including clones from
:the embryos. The two mutations reported in the embryos do not qualify
:as substitutions based on the standard set forth in the methods and
:materials that changes be present in multiple clones. The significance
:(if any) of this variation remains to be determined. The data do not
:support a mutation rate as high as that reported, and they retract
:that conclusion.
:
:R J Barker, R A Van Den Bussche, A J Wright, L E Wiggins, M J
:Hamilton, E P Reat, M H Smith, M D Lomakin & R K Chesser High levels
:of genetic change in rodents of Chernobyl (Retraction)
:
:Material presented on this home page constitutes opinion of the author
:and does not necessarily reflect the views of TASSC or its members.
:
:Copyright © 1997 Steven J. Milloy. All rights reserved. Site developed
:and hosted by [http://www.westlake.com/index.html] WestLake Solutions,
......................................................................
In other words, manual calculation was erroneous. With these data
man cannot say data to support as high mutation rate as reported
previously, and they retract conclusion
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F. HS - ambulocetus- transformial form of whale and land mammal
/Helsingin Sanomat, ma 17.1.1994 (New York Times, Reuter) s?/
' "KÄVELEVÄN" VALAAN LUURANKO LÖYTYI PAKISTANIN YLÄNGOLTÄ
Muinaisotus oli kömpelö maalla mutta etevä vedessä'
'WASHINGTON - Tiedemiehet ovat löytäneet Pakistanista poikkeuk-
sellisen kokonaisena säilyneen fossiilin, joka saattaa olla
nykyisten valaiden maalla elänyt esimuoto. Sen arvioidaan
liikkuneen etenkin vedessä mutta myös maalla noin 50 miljoonaa
vuotta sitten.
Ikivanhat luurangon jäänteet löydettiin jo vuonna 1992 Islama-
badin läheltä Kala Chitta-kukkuloiden alueelta, joka on muinaista
merenpohjaa.'
'Tutkijat sanovat, että "kävelevän" valaan luuranko on yksi
täydellisimmistä tähän asti löydetyistä valaiden esimuotojen
jäännöksistä. Löydökseen kuuluu kallo, hanpaat, selkärankaa sekä
etu- ja takaraajojen osia.'
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G. HS - 6th Archaeopteryx(reptile-bird) found ->Shows:Not fake
/Helsingin Sanomat, Tiede, la 27.8.1988, Matti Eronen, s. 26/
' KUUDEN LISKOLINTUFOSSIII LÖYDETTY'
'Saksasta on löydetty uusi hyvin säilynyt liskolinnun fossiili.
Nämä löydot ovat harvinaisia, sillä viimeisten vähän yli sadan
vuoden aikana liskolintukivettymiä on löydetty vain viisi.
Uusi fossiili on itse asiasa löydetty jo useita vuosia sitten.
Sen oli ottanut talteen harrastelija, joka liitti sen yksityi-
seen kokoelmaansa luullen löytäneensä pienen dinosauruksen luu-
rangon. Viime vuonna sen sai käsiinsä länsisaksalainen paleonto-
logi, joka oivalsi kysymyksessa olevan harvinaisuuden.
Löytäjä ei ollut merkinnyt muistiin tarkkaa löytöpaikkaa, mutta
on voitu selvittää, että fossiili on irrotettu Eichstättin lou-
hoksesta. Tästä kalkkikiviesiintymästä on aikaisemmin, vuosina
1877 ja 1951, löydetty jo kaksi liskolinnun kivettymää.
Uudessa löydössä liskolinnun jäänteet ovat verrattain hyvin
säilyneet.
Uusin löydetty otus on ollut suurempi kuin muut tähän asti
tunnetut. Silti se on kooltaan verrattavissa suunnilleen
varikseen ja myös tämä löytö luetaan kuuluneeksi samaan lajiin
kuin muutkin liskolintufossiilit eli Archaeopteryx lithographica.
Osa päästä ja pyrstöluista on tuhoutunut. Hampaallinen nokka on
kuitenkin säilynyt samoin kuin molempien siipien kolme terävää
kynttä.
Erittäin tärkeää on se, että liskolinnun siivistä on säilynyt
jälkiä painautumina. Sulkien hyödyt eivät tosin erotu, mutta
vasemman siiven kärkiosan sulkien ruodut näkyvät yhdensuuntaisina
kapeina painaumina kivessä. Ruotuviivastoa rajaa niihin nähden
vinosti kulkeva uurre, joka mitä ilmeisimmin osoittaa siiven
reunaa.
Siipien jäljet ovat merkittäviä sen vuoksi, että jokin aika
sitten on julkisuudessa väitetty aikaisempien 1800-luvulla löy-
dettyjen liskolintufossiilien siipi- ja höyhenkuviointien olevan
väärennöksiä. Tunnetuimpia tämän väärnnysteorian puolesta liput-
tajia ovat olleet englantilaiset tutkijat F.Hoyle ja
N.Wickramasinghe. Uusin löytö kumoaa vääjäämättömästi väärennys-
teorian.
Noin 150 miljoonaa vuotta sitten elänyt liskolintu oli matelijan
ja linnun välimuoto ja siten tärkeä todiste evoluutioteorian
puolesta. Uusi liskolintufossiili osoittaa, miten tutkimuksessa
kertyy kaiken aikaa kehitysoppia tukevaa ja sen puolesta todis-
tavaa aineistoa. MATTI ERONEN
Kirjoittaja on Helsingin yliopiston geologian ja
paleontologian dosentti
'
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H. HS - Believe or not -> Bible is not encyclopedia of science
/Helsingin Sanomat, su 20.9.1992, Matti Virtanen, s.C7/
' USKO TAI ÄLÄ
Uusikin Raamattu selittää asioita kahdella tavalla'
'Pulmakohtien etsinnässä olemme käyttäneet apuna yhdysvalta-
laisen vapaa-ajattelijan William Henry Burrin teosta
Self-Contradictions of the Bible(Raamatun ristiriitaisuudet),
joka ilmestyi jo 1860.'
'Viime vuosikymmenellä Yhdysvalloissa riehunut keskustelu
luomisopista ja evoluutioteoriasta johti siihen, että
Burrin kirjasta otettiin uusi painos'
KAT->list of Bible contradictions show that Bible is fallible
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I. My own referee list paper
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J. Breeding of animal and wegetable -> useful mutation
/??? Suom. oppikirja kait ?, s.149/
' 14 KASVIN- JA KARJANJALOSTUS
Muita kasvinjalostuksen menetelmiä
Mutaatiojalostus
'(kuva)149A Suomessa jalostuksella pyritään nopeuttamaan kasvien
valmistumista. Mutageenejä käytettäessä ei voida vaikuttaa
mutaatioiden suuntaan. Suurin osa mutaatioista on jalostajan
kannalta epäedullisia. Hankkijan jalostuslaitoksella tietyllä
mutageenillä käsitelty ohra-aineisto. Yhden mutantin kasvuaika
lyheni 6 vrk. Tämä kanta kannattaa ottaa mukaan jatkokäsittelyyn.'
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K. Holland: Genetic Algorithms, -> new jet turbines etc
/Holland, John:Genetic Algorithms, Scientific American, July 1992,
p.44-50
' GENETIC ALGORITHMS
Computer programs that "evolve" in ways that resemble natural
selection can solve complex problems even their creators do not
fully understand'
'By the mid-1960s I had developed programming technique, the genetic
algorithm, that is well suited to evolution by both mating and
mutation'
'(picture) Software to design jet turbine includes a genetic
algorithm that combines the best features of designs produced by
other programs. Engineers using the algorithm achieved better
results than with more conventional software aids.'
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L. Alberts &..: Molecular Biology of the CELL
/Alberts,Bruce..et al..James Watson: Molecular Biology of
THE CELL, 2nd ed, Garland Publishing Inc, 1989,p.221/
'From Table 5-2 we can estimate that about 6 of every 7 random
amino acid changes are harmful in hemoglobin, about 29 of every
30 aminoacid changes are harmful in cytochrome c, and virtually
all amino acid changes are harmful in histone H4. It can be
assumed that individuals who carry such harmful mutations are
eliminated from the population by natural selection.'
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M. My notes transformial forms etc
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N. Storer: General Zoology -> gradual evolution of horse
/Storer,Usinger,Stebbins,Nybokken: General Zoology, McGraw-Hill,
inc.,6th ed, 1979, p.276/
'Figure 13-13. Evolution of the horse.'
-Eohippus,Miohippus, Merychippus, Pliohippus, Equus
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O. Sources, references -> useful mutations
/Tast,Tyrväinen..:Koulun biologia, Lukio A,Otava, Keuruu 1982, 4.p/
s.126:
' Mutaatio- ja polyploidiajalostus'
'Ruotsissa on onnistuttu sädettämällä samaan aikaan ohrassa geeni,
joka nopeuttaa viljan valmistumista. Tätä aikaisuusgeeniä on ohran-
jalostuksessa käytetty ansiokkaasti hyväksi. Tietysti hyödyllinen
mutaatio voi syntyä myös spontaanisti. Saksassa löytyi 1,5 milj.
lupiiniyksilön joukosta karvasaineista vapaa kasvi, josta saatiin
rehulupiini.'
/Tast,Tyrväinen..:Koulun biologia, Lukio B,Otava/
s.34:
-Mutaatiot ovat tärkeä bakteerien geneettisen muuntelun lähde
KAT->useful mutations exist
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P. Sorsa,.. : Perinnollisyys,s.77 -> antib.resistance by mutations
/Sorsa,Mäkelä,Sorsa,Leisti,Salkinoja-Salonen: PERINNÖLLISYYS,
WSOY, Porvoo, 1979, s.77/
Kuvasarja kokeesta, jossa kehitetään tetrasykliinille resistentti
bakteerikanta 21 tunnissa. Resistenssi kehittyy peräkkäisin mutaa-
tioin. Täysin resistenssiä kantaa ei ollut olemassa alunperin:
'(kuva)B. Jos alkuperäiseen putkeen lisätäänkin 1 ug:n sijasta
10 ug tetrasykliiniä, kuolevat sekä herkät että putkessa olleet
T_r-1-mutantit; kun T_r-1-bakteereja oli putkessa vain 100, on
erittäin epätodennäköistä, että niistä olisi ehtinyt syntyä
seuraavan asteen mutantteja. Tähän perustuu mm. pyrkimys hoitaa
bakteereja heti aluksi riittävän suurella lääkeannoksella, jolle
resistenttejä muotoja ei normaalibakteeripopulaatiossa vielä ole.'
/s.178/ Hyödyllisiä mutaatioita!
'Maissin kohdalla proteiinijalostus on toistaiseksi edennyt pisim-
mälle. Maissinjyvän proteiinissa on vain n. 3% lysiiniä. Jalostuk-
sellisesti on aikaansaatu "opaque" mutaatio, joka nostaa lysiini-
pitoisuuden lähes kaksinkertaiseksi. Ruotsissa on äskettäin ohrasta
myös löydetty vastaavantyyppinen lysiinimutaatio "hyproly" (high
production lysine). Tavoitteena on siirtää tällaiset lysiinimu-
taatiot tuottavuudeltaan muutoin korkeatasoisiin lajikkeisiin.
Lysiinijalostus on erityisen merkityksellistä, koska viljapro-
teiinin aminohappopuutteena nimenomaan on alhainen lysiini-
pitoisuus'
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Q. Moody: Introduction to Evolution -> alfa, beta hemoglobin -codes
/Moody,Paul Amos: Introduction to Evolution, 1970, Harper et Row
publishers Inc., 3rd ed, New York/
(Fig) -> 61 similar amino acids in human alfa- and
betahemoglobin chain
-> They have common origin
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R. NewSci: Molecular evolution in lab -> mutant molecules
/New Scientist, Science, 29 Feb 1992, p.22/
' HOW 'MUTANT' MOLECULES FIGHT FOR SURVIVAL'
'Chemists in the US believe they have discovered the chemical
equivalent of biological selection. The team, led by Julius
Rebek of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was
responsible for making the first synthetic self-replicating
molecule two years ago (New Scientist,Science, 28 April 1990).
Now the same chemists have carried out experiments with two
more self-replicating molecules and discovered that they can
cooperate, catalysing each other's formation. Furthermore, when
one of the molecules is exposed to ultraviolet light and is
"mutated", it becomes "aggressive" and takes over the system.
According to Rebek and his colleagues, this is evidence that
evolution can be modelled at the molecular level(Science, vol
255, p. 848).'
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S. Tiet. Kuvalehti: Ancient insect found
/Tieteen Kuvalehti, Nro 12, Joulukuu 1992, s.24/
' ALKUHYÖNTEISEN JÄLKI LÖYTYI AUSTRALIASTA
HYönteisten puuttuvan lenkin painanne on 420 milj. vuotta vanha'
'(kuva) Painanne fossiilissa todistaa, etta euthycarcinoidi on
hyönteisten kehityksen puuttuva lenkki.'
' Löytö on ensimmäinen todiste siitä, että nämä eläimet ovat
hyönteisten kehityksen puuttuva lenkki. Paleontologit ovat
väitelleet mahdollisuudesta, että euthycarcinoidit olisivat
alkuhyönteisiä,mutta tähän mennessä löydetyt fossiilit ovat
sotineet toeriaa vastaan. Vanhin tunnettu hyönteisfossiili
on 375 milj. vuotta vanha, kun taas koskaan aikaisemmin ei
ole löydetty yli 310 milj. vuotta vanhoja euthycarcinoideja.'
-------------------------------------------------------------------
T. New Sci : Ambulocetus-missing link found -> Whale with legs
/New Scientist, This week, 22 Jan 1994, p.9/
' Missing link with big feet'
'Whales evolved from four-legged mammals that lived on land.
But how they made the transition from land to sea has always
been one of the most puzzling questions in mammalian
evolution. Palontologists have unearthed various land-dwelling
ancestors of whales and early forms of fully marine whales, but
never more than few fragments of the animals that might have
come in between. Now, at last there is the whale that both
walked and swam.
Paleontologists from the US and Pakistan have discovered a
50-million-year-old fossil whale with legs. Ambulocetus, the
walking whale, had short, stocky hind legs and large feet'
' Between the walking whale and the modern limbless form came
Basiliosaurus, a 16-metre long, serpent-like ancestral whale
which lived about 40 million years ago. Basiliosaurus had
vestigial legs, tiny and perfectly formed but not much use
for either walking or swimming (New Scientist, Science,
21 July 1990).'
' The oldest whale, the 52-million-year-old Pakicetus is known
only from teeth and parts of its skull.'
-------------------------------------------------------------------
U. Stent: Molecular Genetics, -> antib.resistance by mutations
/Stent,G.S.,Calendar,R.:Molecular Genetics; An Introductory
narrative, W.H.Freeman and Company, San Francisco,1971-78/
p.171-172:
' Even though this stepwise development of penicillin resistance
suggested the operation of a penicillin-induced "training" process,
it was presently shown by means of fluctuation amd replica plating
tests that penicillin resistance does, after all, arise by
spontaneous mutation, just as does resistance to T1 phage.'
p.173:
' Demeres also studied the mechanism by which bacterial mutants
become resistant to streptomycin(Figure 6-10). He could show by
mean of the fluctuation test that streptomycin-resistant, or
Str_s, mutants of E.coli arise spontaneously. '
KAT->Already at 40's and 50's scientists could show by
fluctuation and replicaplating test that resistance arise
by spontaneous mutations
->new information developed by mutations
-------------------------------------------------------------------
V. Watson: Molecular Biology of the Gene -> useful mutations
/Watson, James: Molecular Biology of the Gene, 1977, p.159 /
' Another type of mutation involves the resistance of bacteria
to poisonous compounds such as antibiotics. For example, most
E.coli cells are rabidly killed by small amounts of streptomycin.
Very rarely, however, there occurs mutations (Strep_R), which make
the cells resistant to certain amount of the drug. Mutation also
occur to make the cells resistant to the growth of the viruses. One
of the most useful mutations in E.coli strain B confers resistance
to the phage T1; these mutants are designated B/1.'
KAT-> Watson(Nobel prize winner, invented DNA with Crick)
says that useful mutations exists
-------------------------------------------------------------------
W. Michaels: Dating Methods in Archaeology -> Calibration of C-14
/Michaels, Joseph W.: Dating methods in Archaeology, 1973, New
York, p.150-151:/
(Figure 43.)
KAT-> C-14 calibration curve by tree rings show that
if 'C-14-age' is 4400 BC then real age is 5000 BC
-------------------------------------------------------------------
X. Nature, Baillie: Irish tree rings -> over 7000 yrs tree rings
[L 5]/-Baillie,M.G.L. & Munro,M.A.R.: Irish tree rings, Santorini and
volcanic dust veils, Nature, vol. 332, 24 March 1988, p.344-346./
' We now show that oak trees growing on bogs in Nothern Ireland
produce significant concentrations of extremely narrow rings
within a few periods less than 20 years long and that these
periods correspond to the dates suggested by other methods for
major volcanic eruptions. In particular, one of them, corres-
ponding to a short period beginning in 1628 BC, was probably
caused by Santorini. This date is qualitatively better than those
derived from carbon-14 or ice cores, because it is based on an
absolute tree-ring chronology.
'The completion of the Belfast 7,272-yr oak-tree-ring chronology
by 1984, and the subsequent archiving of the original ring-width
measurements used in this chronology allow one to examine these
data at spesific dates.'
KAT-> trees & tree rings have been growing over 7000 years
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Y. Nature, Hammer: Greenland ice ->over 10 000 yrs of ice
[L 6]/-Hammer,C.U.& Clausen,H.B.& Dansgaard,W.: Greenland ice sheet
evidence of post-glasial volcanism and its climatic impact,
Nature, vol.288, 20 november 1980, p.230-232./
' Acidity profiles along well dated Greenland ice cores reveal
large volcanic eruptions in the Nothern Hemisphere during the
past 10,000 yr. Comparison with a temperature index shows that
clustered eruptions have a considerable cooling effect on
climate, which further complicate climatic predictions.'
KAT->over 10 000 years old ice
->volcanic eruptions can be seen in ice
- can be used to dating
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Z. My own little comparing of hemoglobin codes
Big letters mark different amino acid in protein chainc below.
(A=Alanine, G=Glysine, L=Leucine, S=Serine ..etc).
Human alfa-hemoglobin
VLSPADKTNV KAAWGKVGAH AGKYGAKALK RMFLSFPTTK TYFPHF-DLS
HGSAQVKGHG KKVA-DALTN AVAGVDDHPN ALSALSDLHA HKLRVDPVHF
KLLSHCLLVT LAAHLPAKFT PAVHASLDKF LASVSTVLTS KYR. (#142)
KAT->Not totally random becaus You can see "LS" appear up to six
times ! This hints that protein could have formed from smaller
or simpler code or otherwise evolved fractalically from some simple
->" probability of born of hemoglobin " diminishes remarkable and
creationists impossible-calculations don't hold water.
Alfa(a) beta(b) gamma(g)-hemoglobin and myoglobin(m) compared
(only 50 first amino acid to spare space. Markings '.:| show
points of remarkable similarity).
' : | || . | | |. ' | | | |'
a V-LSPADKTNV KAAWGKVGAH AGKYGAKALK RMFLSFPTTK TYFPHF-DLS..
b VHLTPEEKSAV TALWGKVN-- VDEVGGEALG RLLVVYPWTE RFFESFGDLS..
g GHFTEEDKATI TSLWGKVN-- VEDAGGETLG RLLVVYPWTQ RFFDSFGNLS..
m G-LSEGEWQLV LHVWAKVEPD VAGHGDDILI RLFKGHPETL EKFDKFKHLK..
KAT ->similarity->common origin -> proteins (globins) evolved
from each other. First duplication, then differentiated by
point mutations step by step
/--->myoglogin
globin--->hemoglobin--alfa-hemoglobin
\_beta-hemoglobin
\_other hemoglobins
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZA. Sci Am., Molecular Paleontology -> genes have common origin
/Scientific American, October 1985 - Molecular Paleontology
Fig. p.81/ There are 5 diff. proteinchains compared:
Comparing five proteins in diverse species reveals common
ancestry. (Only ends of chains are shown to spare space. My
markings ':| show points of remarkable amino acid similarity.
In original article there was different looser grouping criteria like
polarity and also error of 4 acid chains doubled. )
1 Ovalbumin abundant protein in egg white
2 AntithrombinIII in blood plasma
3 Alpha-1 antitrypsin in blood plasma
4 Barley protein Z discovered in barley seeds
5 Angiotensinogen precursor of blood pressure protein
1 ..DAASV-----SEEFRADH PFLFCIKH IATNAVLFP GRCVSP ----
2 ..AGRSL--NPNRVTFKANR PFLVFIRE VPLNTIIFM GRVANP CVK-
3 ..IPMSI-----PPEVKFNK PFVFLMIE QNTKSPFLM GKVVNP TQK-
4 ..VAMSMPLKVDLVDFVANH PFLFLIRE DIAGVVVFV GHVTNP LISA
5 ..GSPEV------LDVTLSS PFLFAIYE RDSGALHFL GRVDNP QNVV
: '' '' ||:: : : ' : |': :|
'MOLECULAR PALEONTOLOGY reveals a pattern of common ancestry for
five proteins from diverse species. Each protein is represented
by a sequence of the one-letter abbreviations for amino acids
given in the illustration on page 76; the colors relate amino
acids with similar properties.'
' Ovalbumin is an abundant protein in egg white; antithrombin III
and alpha-1 antitrypsin are found in blood plasma; barley protein
Z was recently discovered in barley seeds, and angiotensinogen is
the precursor of a small protein that regulates blood pressure.'
KAT->totally different species have similar look like proteins
working in different things
->all genes have common origin
->genes have developed from each other
->similarity means decreased quantity of DNA information
->'improbability calculations' of human cell made by
creationists are based on wrong assumptions
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZB.Kaudewitz: Molecular -und Mikroben ->origin of a-,b ja g-hemoglobin
/Kaudewitz:(Molecular- und Mikroben) GENETIK, Springer-Verlag,
Heidelberg 1973, p.238-241/
KAT->When hemoglobin put aside to comparing, we can see:
alfa,beta,gamma ja M hemoglobins have 22 common aminoacid
alfa ja beta hemoglobins have 64 -"- -"-
beta ja gamma -"- 107 -"-
-> beta ja gamma hemoglobins have common more close(younger)
origin than other hemoglobins
-> They all reminds each other
-> common origin
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZC. Perspectives on Evolution -> forming of Phylogenetic tree
/PERSPECTIVES ON EVOLUTION, Sinauer Associates, Inc.
edited by Roger Milkman, Massachusetts, 1982, p.34-35/
' The power of macromolecules to elucidate phylogeny became
clearly apparent in the mid-1960s, when Fitch Margoliash(1967;
see also Margoliash et al.,1969) used minimal mutation distance
at the codon level to construct a statistical phylogenetic tree
of 20 eukaryotic organisms, based solely on the information
contained in the sequence of 100 or so amino acids that make up
the protein cytochrome c (Figure 2). Here was dramatic indication
of the wealth of phylogenetic information residing in
macromolecules-even relatively small ones. Macromolecular structure
obviously is not just "another character", as some critics were
claiming at the time.'
'Figure 2.Phylogenetic tree of 20 eukaryotic organisms, based on
amino acid seguences of cytochrome c. Numbers on branches are
estimated numbers of nucleotide substitutions.'
KAT-> Man can build evolution trees based solely on the
information of amino acids of proteins
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZD. Stebbins: Processes of Organic Evol. -> Mutations reason to res.
/Stebbins,Ledyard,G.:Processes of Organic Evolution:
3rd ed, Prentice-Hall,Inc.,New Yersey, 1961-77, p.86-89/
'The fact that population of microorganisms become adapted to
changing environments by selection of favorable mutations has
been clearly demonstrated by a number of experiments on the
acquisition of resistance to attacks of virus and to the lethal
effects of antibiotics. The first experiment was carried out by
Luria and Delbruck in 1943.'
' A second technique for proving the same fact, known as replica
plating, was devised by Dr. Joshua Lederberg, and was carried out
as follows(Figure 4.2).'
p.89:
' Another experiment using a different antibiotic has shown that
bacterial populations can acquire resistance to very high doses
of antibiotics by a succession of mutations. In an experiment
on the resistance of colon bacteria to chloramphenicol, L.L.
Cavalli and G.A. Maccacaro were able to show that resistance
to a concentration of the drug 250 times as great as that
tolerated by normal bacteria could be acquired by a succession
of transfers of the cultures to gradually increased
concentrations (Figure 4.3). Since the strain of bacteria
used reproduces sexually, the resistant bacteria could be crossed
to descendants of their susceptible ancestors. If strains with
intermediate resistance were used in such crosses, simple
Mendelian inheritance was found.'
KAT-> Bacteria populations can acquire resistance to very high
doses of antibiotics by a succession of mutations.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZE. Otavan Suuri Ensyklopedia, Kasvinjalostus ->useful mutations
/Otavan Suuri Ensyklopedia, 'Kasvinjalostus',E.K-i, p.2772/
' Mutaatiojalostus'
'Maailmassa on käytössä useita _satoja mutaatiolajikkeita_,
jotka ovat valintoja mutagenssilla käsitellyistä aineistoista
(suorat mutaatiojalosteet; Suomessa Aapo-ohra ja Jussi-ruis)
tai risteytyksistä, joista ainakin toinen vanhemmista on mutantti
(epäsuorat mutaatiojalosteet; Suomessa Eero-ohra ja Ryhti-kaura).
Mutaatiojalostus on osoittautunut käyttökelpoiseksi muutamien
koristekasvien jalostuksessa (mm.Streptocarpus).'
KAT->Hundreds of different useful mutations are known.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZF. Lajiutuminen on tosiasia -> My examples of speciation
(useita lähteitä) 2-sivuinen artikkelini
KAT:
->leopardisammakon pohjoinen muoto ei risteydy eteläisen kanssa
Mutta välillä on katkeamaton sarja risteytyviä muotoja
->Aasiassa talitiaisen kohdalla samankaltainen tilanne
->huomattiin ,että Perhoset korsikalainen Papilio hospiton ja
Euroopassa sekä P-afrikassa elävä Papilio machon pitäisi lukea
samaan lajiin. Risteytyivät mutta vaivoin
->harmaalokki-selkalokki ovat oikeastaan yhta populaatiota
->esikko Primula kewensis, uusi laji, syntyi mutaatiolla
->uudet lajit retiisikaali ja karhea pillike on saatu
keinotekoisesti aikaisesti
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZG. Sci Am.,Grant: "Darwin Finches",s.61 -> Pics of Darwin finches
/Grant,Peter R.:Natural Selection and Darwin's Finches,
Scientific American, Vol.265, October 1991, s.60-/
(Fig)' ADAPTIVE RADIATION, in which a population differentiates
after dispersing from one habitat to the next, is believed to
have produced the 14 species of Darwin's Finches in the past
one to five million years. Thirteen of the species live in
the Galapagos Archipelago (above)'
KAT->14 species of Darwin finches are known
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZH. Kodin Suuri elainkirja: Darwinin peipot -> Pics of Darwin finches
/Kodin Suuri eläinkirja, osa1, A-Haa, Weilin+Göös, Espoo 1979,
Juhani Lokki, s.224-226/
KAT ->Darwin finches form their own types
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZI. Sci Am.: Archaeopteryx I,II,s.44 -> Comparing of pictures
/Wellnhofer, Peter; Archaeopteryx,Scientific American, May 1990,
p.44-47/
KAT-> Good pictures and comparing between
reptile, Archaeopteryx and chicken
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZJ. Some my own book critique..
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZK. My own Archaeopteryx-compare..
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZL. My paper..
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZM. Science, New Fossil Bird, s.796 -> New Fossil Bird found
/Science:Evolutionists Wing It With a New Fossil Bird, vol.255/
'Sparrow-sized bird skeletons from an Early Creataceous lake
bed in Chine brovide clues to the evolution of flight'
(Fig)' Missing link. Sinornis anatomy suggests birds were well
on their way to a modern lifestyle 135 million years ago, just
15 million years after Archaeopteryx'
'One thing Sinornis provides that the other birds do not is an
early glimpse of a critical change in flight evolution; the
transition from the primitive wing of Archaepteryx to a
specialized wing more like that possessed by modern birds.'
KAT->more developed wings but teeth and skull similar as
Archaeopteryx
->missing link to 50 myr hole was found
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZN. Tieteen Kuvalehti: Basiliosaurus-Whale fossil -> Whale with legs
/Tieteen kuvalehti 4/91,s.25/
' Muinaisten valaiden erikoiset tukijalat
'40 miljoonaa vuotta sitten oli olemassa valaita, joilla oli
takajalat. Muinaisten eläinten jäänteitä on löydetty kaivauk-
sissa Egyptin keskiosissa. Lajin nimi on Basiliosaurus'
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZQ. Mikrobitti: TIERRA -> evolution in computer
/Tolonen,Pekka:Tierra simuloi elämää, Mikrobitti 11/91,s.28-29/
' Darwinismia tietokoneessa '
'Maapallo oli viisi miljardia vuotta sitten autio ja tyhjä.
Jostain syystä syntyi ensimmäinen itseään monistava molekyyli,
joka käynnisti evoluution ja kehittyi miljooniksi eläinlajeiksi.
Delawaren yliopistossa biologian professorina työskentelevän
Tom Rayn mukaan sama kehitys voi nyt käynnistyä tietokoneissa.
Ray on kehittänyt erityisen Tierra-simulaattorin, jossa hän
tutkii elektronista elämää.'
'Rayn kehittämät elektroniset eliöt lisääntyvät ja synnyttävät
uusia eliöitä tavalla, jota edes Ray itse ei pysty ennakoimaan.
Jos simulaattori jätettäisiin päälle miljardiksi vuodeksi, Ray
uskoo, että se tuottaisi älyllistä elämää kuten maapallokin.'
'..eliöt kilpailevat CPU-ajasta ja muistitilasta'
'Koska ankara kamppailu pudottaa heikoimmat ja vain voimakkaimmat
ja ovelimmat eliöt voivat lisääntyä, evoluutio kehittää yhä
tehokkaampia eliöitä. Tierran perustana onkin Darwinin evoluutio-
teoria'
' Mitä Tierrassa tapahtuu ?
Tierra-simulaattori käynnistetään sijoittamalla siihen itse
laadittu olio. Ensimmäinen monistus vie 839 konejaksoa. Satojen
miljoonien jaksojen jälkeen olioiden koko on moninkertaistunut
==================================
ja niitä on lisäksi useita eri lajeja. Samalla niiden koko on
=================
Saattanut kasvaa alkuperäisestä 80 käskystä jopa 23 000 käskyyn.
Simulaattoriin syntyy myös parasiittejä, jotka eivät osaa itse
monistua, mutta ne käyttävät hyväkseen isäntäolioiden monistus-
mekanismia. Parasiitit suorittavat jotain isäntänsä koodista,
mutta eivät aiheuta niille vahinkoa.
Jotkut eliöt kehittävät immuniteetin parasiiteille. Se johtaa
============
kuitenkin uuteen parasiittisukupolveen.'
'Jotta evoluutio toimisi, olioiden perimän täytyy muuttua. Mutaa-
tiot saadaan aikaan kääntämällä satunnaisesti muistiavaruuden
bittejä. Se vastaa kosmisen säteilyn vaikutusta biologisessa
elämässä.
Mutaatiotiheys on yksi käännös jokaista 10 000 suoritettua
Tierran käskyä kohden.'
KAT->NEW ORIGIN NEW SPECIES NOW ALSO IN COMPUTER!
->information content/organism increases by itself
->mutations important
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZP. New. Sci. : TIERRA ->evol in computer, biol. importance
/Lewin, Roger:Life And death in a digital world: New Scientist,
22 Feb 1992, p.36-39/
' No one can turn back the evolutionary clock, but we can follow
the fate of a rich menageria of artificial organisms as they
evolve in a model world'
'On 3 January, two years ago, Ray pressed the start button on his
computer, kicking into action a program called Tierra (Spanish for
Earth), and waited."I spent a pretty sleepless night, wondering
what I'd find the next morning," he recalls. What he found was
an electronic ecosystem of astonishing diversity-populations of
many different kinds of organisms, all descendants of a single
ancestral organism from which Tierra had come to life the previous
evening. "No one expected this would happen, least of all me.
From the most basic of instructions there emerged an astonishing
complexity."
(Fig)'A time to live, a time to die: the diversity of the Tierran
ecosystem fluctuates dramatically as it evolves. The arrows mark
rapid declines in diversity, or mass extinxtions'
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZQ. Nature : TIERRA ->evol in computer, biol. importance
/Smith, John Maynard:Byte-sized evolution, Nature,Vol.355,
27 Feb 1992, p.772-773/
'A new way in which biologists may learn something from computers
is suggested by a paper by T.S.Ray, in which he describes the
behaviour of an openended evolving system.
Rays approach differs from the more familiar ones of genetic
simulation and genetic algorithms. We have learnt a lot from
simulation of genetic systems, but the method does not differ
in principle from the simulation of physical of economical
systems. Genetic algorithms, pioneered by Holland, are nearer
to Ray's approach. They attempt to solve practical problems -
the design of an aeroplane's wing or a transport system -
by using an analogue of a genetic system, with mutation and
selection, to search for an optimal solution.'
' His starting point is a set of 80 instructions which, placed
in the memory of a computer and depending on its operatiing
system, causes copies of itself to appear in the memory. Because
he wrote the instructions himself, his model is not relevant to
the origin of life, but only to its further evolution. If there
were no deaths and no mutations, the memory would fill up with
copies and the process would then end. Random mutations occur
when instructions are copied, and, at a lower, between repli-
cations.'
'The evolutionary behaviour of the system if surprisingly rich.'
'More complex, and still largely unanalysed, changes occur in
longer runs. Communities dominated by individuals with 400-800
instructions arise.'
'Ray suggests that his creatures had to have three features,
all copied from real biology, if evolution was to occur.
First his programming language, Tierran, had to have a small
instruction set - in fact, 32 instructions - analogous to
the small number of 64 codons. This is related to the
requirement that mutations should have a reasonable change of
making functional sense: similarly, biological evolution can
happen only if a reasonable proportion of amino-acid sequences
make functional proteins, at least locally in protein space.
Second, the Tierran language, unlike most computer languages,
does not specify an address by an integer, but by template
matching. For example, the 'jump' instruction is followed by
a sequence of four bits: the address is then the nearest
complementary sequence of four bits. This is analogous to the
fact that a protein molecule does not find its point of action
by moving to a place specified by coordinates, but by diffusing
until it finds a complementary surface to which it can bind.
Third, the creatures are 'cellular', in the sense that no
creature can alter, or write over, the instructions of another.
Interactions between creatures occur because one can make use
of the instructions of another, just as a virus can make use of
the gene products of the cell, or of other viruses. It is
interesting, however, that there is no distinction between
genotype and phenotype: in this it resembles and RNA world.
->Most important characters of evolution has been simulated on
computer
->principles of evolution work
->mistakes, mutations make some computer programs better:
Genetics algorithms and Tierra
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZR. Tast-Tyrvainen: Biol.of schoolbook evolution of horse
/Tast-Tyrväinen-Mattila-Nyberg: Koulun biologia, Lukiokurssi 2-3,
Otava, Keuruu 1988, s.179/
(Kuva179a. Hevosen sukupuu)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZS. Strickberger: Genetics -> mitochondria-code is exceptional
/Strickberger, Monroe W.:GENETICS, 3rd ed., Macmillan Publishing Company,
New York, 1985,1990,p.581
'The only exceptions to universality of the code occurs for some
mitochondria mRNA codons that are translated differently than all other
mRNAs (Table 28-5).'
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZT. Science, Wheeler: ... -> genes controls Behaviour of flies
/Wheeler,David A. et al:Molecular Transfer of a Species-Spesific
Behaviour from Drosophila simulans to Drosophila melanogaster,
Science, Vol.251,p.1082/
' Drosophila males modulate the interpulse intervals produced
during their courtship songs. These song cycles, which are
altered by mutations in the clock gene period, exhibit a
species-specific variation that facilitates mating. We have
used chimeric period gene constructs from Drosophila
melanogaster and Drosophila simulans in germline transformation
experiments to map the genetic control of their song rhythm
difference to a small segment of the amino acid encoding
information within this gene.'
KAT->Gene controls Behaviour at least in some flies
->Gene in one species worked also in the same way in another
species
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZU. JW's claims about evol. in 1967
/Onko ihminen kehityksen vai luomisen tulos?,Jehovan todistajat,
1968, s.65/
'Tämä johtaakin meidät erääseen toiseen tosiasiaan, jota
meidän tulee tarkastella: yksikään tuhansista mutaatiokokeista
ei ole koskaan aikaansaanut uutta eläin- tai kasvilajia.
Mutaatioiden aiheuttamat muutokset pysyttelevät aina sen
Genesiksen peruslajin puitteissa, mihin tuo kasvi tai eläin kuuluu.
Kaikki Drosophilan mutaatiot aikaansaivat vain banaanikärpäsiä,
jotka kuuluivat samaan lajiin kuin niiden esivanhemmatkin.
Vaikka niiden koko, muoto ja väri veihtelikin, niin yksikään
mutaatio tai mutaatiosarja ei koskaan aikaansaanut erilaista
eliötä.'
->JW's 'species' is vague definement. How they recognize a new
species if they meet such ? (Kangaroo not mentioned in Bible etc)
->JW's don't know that speciation has happened.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZV."Lajiutuminen on tosiasia" +Internet 12 speciation examples
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZW. Sorsa : Perinnollisyys useful mutations
/Sorsa,Mäkelä et al:Perinnöllisyys, WSOY, Porvoo, 1979,s.178/
sama kuin P.:n loppuosa!
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZX. Valitut Palat: PCB-bakteerit PCB-bacterias (Reader's Digest)
/Valitut Palat:Nykyajan teräsvatsat,tiede tänään,
Huhtikuu 1986,s.105/
'Louisianan valtionyliopiston tutkija Ralph Portier on opettanut
14 hiiva- ja bakteerikantaa syömään ympäristömyrkkyjä. Myrkyt
muuttuvat niiden sisuksissa vedeksi, hiilidioksidiksi ja muiksi
vaarattomiksi yhdisteiksi.
Portier rakensi laboratorioonsa koskeikon, johon hän lisäsi
nykyajan vaarallisimpiin aineisiin kuuluvia PCB:tä ja PCP:tä.
Sitten hän kokeili, mitkä pieneliöt pystyisivät elämään myrkkyjen
seassa. Hän yksinkertaisti seoksen koostumusta kunnes jäljelle
jäivät enää myrkky ja ne mikrobit, jotka kykenivät käyttämään
myrkkyä ravinnokseen.
"Jäljelle jääneet mikrobit pystyivät todella muuuntumaan niin,
että ne saattoivat syödä myrkkyä", Portier sanoo.
Tuhannet saastuneet alueet ovat sellaisia, että niiden siivoa-
minen tulisi hyvin kalliiksi. Puhdistaminen voi ehkä kuitenkin
onnistua myrkkyä syövillä mikrobeilla kohtuullisin kustannuksin.
-Oceans '
KAT->Human has done 3 million organic substance. So one bacteria
cannot have information for all of them
->bacteria can change only by mutation
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZY. Knuth: Fundamental Algorithms -> tree that C's don't know
/Knuth,Donald E.:Fundamental Algorithms, The Art of Computer
Programming, 2nd ed, Addison-Wesley, 1981, p.19-20/
'(Chapter 'TREES', Fig.20.) Further ways to show tree structure:
(a) Nested set; (b) Nested parentheses;
'
KAT->
_______________________________________
! _________________________ !
! ________ ! _______ __________ ! ! This figure beside is
!! A ! ! ! B ! ! C ! ! ! one way to show tree
!!________! ! !______! !_________! ! ! structure, for ex
! !----------------------- ! evolution tree or
!______________________________________! family tree.
KAT->data structure that Finnish creationist Reinikainen and
perhaps Denton either do not know that it represents tree
structure. Reinikainen said:'No tree can be distinguished..
...are clearly distinctive.'
(But Richard Dawkins do know it is tree.
Look at his 'Blind Watchmaker').
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ZZ. Dalrymple: The Age of the Earth ->Earth is old
/Dalrymple,G.B.: The Age of the Earth, 1991/
'Table 4.1. Radiometric Ages of Some Early Archean and
Related Rocks of the North Atlantic Craton'
KAT->For ex one small sample from big list of measurements:
Dated in Greenland, :
Method samples Age (billion yrs) Source
Rb-Sr 23 2.53+-0.03 Moorbath,Taylor,Goodwin 1981
Rb-Sr 3 2.52+-0.03 Bankhurst et al, 1973
Pb-Pb 23 2.58+-0.08 Moorbath,Taylor,Goodwin 1981
U-Pb 7 2.53+-0.03 Baadsgaard, 1976
-------------------------------------------------------------------
QA. Taylor: Solar system abundancies ->Elements are result of fusion
/Taylor,Stuart Ross:Solar System Evolution,
Cambridge University. Press, 1992, p.65/
'Table 2.15.1 Solar System abundances of the elements (atoms/10^6Si)'
KAT
->From table man can see that in solar system there are even
elements(2He,4Be,6C,8O,10Ne,12Mg,14Si,..) relatively more than
odd elements beside (3Li,5B,7N,9F,11Na,..). (except hydrogen).
->Even elements heavier than helium forms inside stars by
fusion according to nuclear physicists. (2H+2H2->4Be etc).
Reactions go though additions of helium or other even numbered
elements.
So observed relatively big abundance of even elements
(oxygen!) support strongly the idea that we and our solar system
are formed from explosed star that was developed through fusion.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
QB. Giovanelli: 11 yr-cycles of Sun can be seen on 680 myr old coral
/Giovanelli, Ronald,G.:Secrets of the Sun, Cambridge
University Press, 1984,p.111/
' (Chapter: Sunspots and the weather)'
' Fig.101. A varve sample (length 22cm) from a Late Precambrian
glacial lake in the Flinders Ranges, South Australia. The Rock
shows annual layers whose widths indicate the amount of precipi-
tation (rain and snow). At intervals of about 11 years there is
a dark clayey band. Alternate 11-year intervals often show
systematic fluctuations between dark bands spaced widely and
closely. Most varve layers are flat rather than curved as here.
These varves show that the climate in South Australia was
sensitive to the sunspot cycle about 680 million years ago.
They also show that the 11-year and 22-year cycles have scarcely
changed during this time.'
' The best evidence of the effect of solar activity on weather is
of a completely different type. George Williams has shown that
varves, or annual layer, laid down in a Late Precamprian glacial
lake in South Australia 680 million years ago contain a remarkable
record of solar activity at that time (Figs.101 and 102). The
11-year cycle is strong,but for lengthy sequences covering perhaps
100 years or more there were alternate thin and thick 11-year
groupings. The record then was more of a 22-year period. Such
behaviour is in close agreement with what is known of the
variation in strength of sunspot cycles over the past 300 years;
a clear alternation has been present for about the past 130 years.
Williams' initial analysis covering 1760 years of the Late
Precambrian era, shows that the 11-year cycle had a means length
of 11.2 years as compared with the modern 11.0 years.
This extraordinary agreement shows that, at least in South
Australia, weather was very responsive then to solar activity,
and that the length of the sunspot cycle has not changed
significantly over the past 680 million years.
Williams also discovered longer cycles: one of about 290
years which he named the Elatina cycle after the local rock
formation, and one near 145 years (a second harmonic of the
Elatina cycle). There is also a weaker cycle of about 90
years, probably identical with the Gleissberg cycle of about
80 years appearing in the modern sunspot record.'
On p.112 Giovanelli also tells that in Sout Australia there were
same cycles 100 million years ago and 23.3 years cycle was found
from 2.5 billion years old sample. ( Look: 23.3= 2 * 11.65 ).
*Correction - one book about solar cycles gave new interpretation
for Fig.101. The varves could be moon cycles not sunspot cycles.
In nowadays we have 12.3 moon cycles per year. On that time there
could have been 11-12 moon cycles per year.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
QC. Kakkuri: Planeetta Maa -> Milankovitch and great cycles
/Kakkuri, Juhani:Planeetta Maa, Ursan julkaisuja 42, Hki 1991,
p.156-157/
'Jugoslavialainen geofyysikko Milutin Milankovitch kehitti 1920-
ja 1930-luvuilla säteilykäyräteorian nimellä tunnetun selitys-
mallin kvartäärikauden jääkausille. Mallin lähtökohdaksi hän
otti tietyt jaksottaiset muutokset Maan radan eksintrisyydessä,
perihelin (Aurinkoa lähinnä olevan pisteen) paikassa sekä
pyörähdysakselin suunnassa. Voidaan osoittaa, että eksentrisyys,
joka =============
nykyisin on 0,0167, vaihtelee välillä 0,0005 ja 0,0607 ja että
jakson pituus on keskimäärin 95 000 vuotta. Pyörimisakselin kal-
============= ===
tevuus taas vaihtelee rajoissa 22ø2' ja 24ø30', ja jakson pituus
======
on 41 000 vuotta. Myös prekessio, jonka jakso on 25 700 vuotta,
========== ==============
muuttaa pyörähdysakselin suuntaa. Ilmaston kannalta tärkeintä on
kuitenkin se, missä asennossa pyörimisakseli on Maan rataellipsin
suhteen. Tämän ilmastoprekession jakso on 21 700 vuotta. Se
=============
määrää, millä pallonpuoliskolla on kesä ja millä talvi,
kun Aurinko on lähinnä Maata. Koska Maa liikkuu peri-
helissä nopeammin kuin aphelissä (radan kaukaisimmassa pisteessä),
ovat kesät ja talvet eri pitkiä eri pallon puoliskoilla.
Säteilykäyräteorian mukaan jääkausi syntyy, kun Maa on aphelissä
pohjoisen kesän alussa, edellyttäen, että radan eksentrisyys
on silloin suurimmillaan ja ekliptikan kaltevuus pienimmillään.
Pohjoisella pallonpuoliskolla vallitsee silloin pitkä, viileä
kesä, eikä talvella satanut lumi ehdi sulaa. Koska ekliptikan
kaltevuus on mahdollisimman pieni, ovat keskileveysasteiden
talvet leutoja, kun taas pohjoiset talvet ovat kylmiä. Suuret
lämpötilaerot aiheuttavat voimakkaita tuulia, jotka kuljettavat
kosteutta pohjoiseen. Siellä se sataa lumena alas. Yllä mainittu
jääkausien syntymiselle otollinen tilanne syntyy n. 100 000 vuoden
välein.
'
-------------------------------------------------------------------
QD. Sci. Am,Broecker: What drives glacial.. ->Earth is old
/Broecker, Wallece S. and Denton, George H.: What drives
glacial cycles?, Scientific American, Jan 1990,p.43-50/
' Massive reorganizations of the ocean-atmosphere system,
the authors argue, are the key events that link cyclic
changes in the earth's orbit to the advance and retreat
of the ice sheets'
' It is now understood that the ratio of oxygen isotopes in
seawater that is locked up in glaciers and ice sheets. A
kind of meteorological distillation accounts for the link.
Water molecules containing the heavier isotope tend to
condense and fall as precipitation a tiny bit more readily
than molecules containing the lighter isotope. Hence, as
water vapor evaporated from warm oceans moves away from
the source, its oxygen 18 preferentially returns to the
oceans in precipitation. What ultimately falls as snow on
ice sheets and mountain glaciers is relatively depleted
of oxygen 18. As the oxygen 18-poor ice builds up, the
oceans become relatively enriched in the isotope.
The larger the ice sheets grow, the higher the proportion of
oxygen 18 becomes in seawater - and hence in the sediments.
'
' Analyzing cores drilled from seafloor sediments, Emiliani
found that the isotopic ratio rose and fell in rough accord
with the cycles Milankovitch had predicted. Since that pio-
neering observation, oxygen-isotope measurements have been
made on hundreds of cores. A chronology for the combined
record enabled JAmes D. Hays of Columbia University, John
Imbrie of Brown University and Nicholas Shackleton of the
University of Cambridge to show in 1976 that the record
contains the very same periodicities as the orbital
processes.
'
' Over the past 800,000 years, the global ice volume has
peaked every 100,000 years, matching the period of the
eccentricity variation. In addition,"wrinkles" superposed
on each cycle - small decreases or surges in ice volume
- have come at intervals of roughly 23,000 and 41,000
years, in keeping with the precession and tilt frequencies.
Imbrie, working with a group called SPECMAP, later
strengthened the case for the astronomical theory even
more when he showed that the amplitude of the
shorter-period signals has varied exactly as one would expect
if the signals were being modulated by distance seasonality.'
'(Fig text:)
ASTRONOMICAL CYCLES (top) are the pacemaker of glaciation.
The cycles-23,000 to 100,000 years in length-affect the
eccentricity of the earth's orbit, the orientation of its
spin axis (which slowly traces out a cone in space) and the
tilt of the axis (which affects the width of the cone).
The effect of the changes on the intensity of summer
sunshine at high nothern latitudes is shown at the left.
The curve at the right indicates the volume of the earths's
ice sheets, determined from isotopic studies of seafloor
sediments. Ice volume climbs gradually for about 100,000
years and then falls abruptly in the ice-age terminations
that correspond to episodes of increasing summer sunshine
at norhern latitudes. (Seasonality varies differently in
the Southern Hemisphere, which suggests that norhern
seasonality must be what drives ice ages.)
'
(Craph curve in figure extends up to over 600,000 years)
KAT->astronomical cycles can be seen from sediments for over
800 000 years
->Earth's Cycles, calcutable by Newton mechanics, indepented
of radioactivity, and observed in sediments and ice cores
show that
a) radioactive clock gives quite right time for
hundreds of thousands of years
b) Earth is over 800 000 uears old. Astronomical
cycles give nearly absolute dating in accuracy
of few thousand years in the same way as tree
ring based dendrochronology gives absolute
dating for old buildings made of logs.
Correspondence is also strenthened by three
different cycles: 23000, 41000 and 100 000 years.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
QE. Watson: Molecular Biology s.1104, -> RNA works as enzyme itself
/Watson, James D.,Hopkins et al: Molecular Biology of the Gene,
4th ed, 1987, p.1104/
' The First "Living Molecule" Was Almost Certainly a Nucleic Acid'
'Until very recently, reconstructing the origin of the earliest
life forms appeared to be a hopeless case of "the chicken and
the egg." Only nucleic acids seemed capable of storing and
replicating genetic information, and only proteins were known
to function as catalysts. Thus it was exceedingly difficult to
imagine how the first nucleic acid genome (whether DNA or RNA)
could be replicated without a protein catalyst, and egually
difficult to imagine how an efficient protein catalyst could
arise without a nucleic acid genome to encode it. In 1981,
a startling discovery presented a solution to this paradox.
The ribosomal RNA intron of the ciliate Tetrahymena
was shown to excise itself from the rRNA precursor without
the benefit of a protein catalyst (see Figures 20-13 and
20-14). The ability of the rRNA intron to function as an
enzyme implied that the very first living molecule might have
been an RNA replicase that catalyzed its own replication
without help from a protein (Figure 28-4). This hypothetical
RNA would therefore have functioned as both the genetic
material and the replication enzyme. The discovery in 1983
of a second catalytic RNA species (the RNA component of
RNase P; see Figure 14-19)lent strong support to this
notion. Since 1983, many new instances of catalytic RNA
have been discovered. As we shall see, the common features
of these catalytic RNAs suggest that they are molecular
fossils whose history dates back to the earliest life forms.
Studies of catalytic RNA therefore play a major role in
shaping our current views about the origins of life.
'
p.1107:
' Very Short RNAs Can Be Catalytic'
'..However recent progress in the study of plant viruses has
demonstrated that as few as 52 nucleotides can act as an
accurate RNA catalyst, and a crude catalyst might be simpler.'
KAT-> Watson is Nobel prize winner, finder of DNA
-> 'Egg or chicken'-problem of life origin ('Was protein or
RNA/DNA first') solved: RNA can work as enzume itself
-> First living molecule was very probably nucleic acid,
catalytic RNA
-> Even 52 nucleotides can act as catalyst !
-------------------------------------------------------------------
QF. HS-Grönlannin jääporaus -> over 100 000 years of ice cores
/Jean-Yves Durand: Grönlannin jääporaukset kertovat ihmisen
historiasta,Helsingin Sanomat,la 9.4. 1994, s.D2-D3/
' Ankarat ilmastomuutokset koettelivat esivanhempiamme jo
100 000 vuotta sitten'
'Professori Claude Boutron osoittaa Grenoblen jäälaboratoriossa
Ranskassa 55 senttiä pitkää jääpylvästä:
"Tästä näytteestä voimme selvittää, millaisia saasteita ilma-
kehässä oli Jeesuksen syntymän aikoihin."
Boutronin esittelemä jää on porattu Grönlannin mannerjäästä
400 metrin syvyydestä. Osa pylväästä on syntynyt juuri siitä
lumesta, joka satoi Grönlantiin kaksi vuosituhatta sitten.
Mannerjäähän on tallentunut arvokasta tietoa ilmakehän
kaasuista ja aavikoilta nousseesta pölystä, jonka tuulet
ovat kuljettaneet pohjoiseen. Jäässä on merkkejä myös mui-
naisista tulivuorenpurkauksista ja ihmisen aiheuttamista
saasteista.'
'Porauskohdella on jäätä 3029 metriä. Jään alin kerros syntyi
250 000 vuotta sitten.'
(kuvateksti:)
' Kolme kilometriä syvä jäinen arkisto'
Mitä syvemmälle mannerjään sisään mennään sitä tii-
viimmin ovat vuosittaiset kerrostumat painuneet.
Esimerkiksi 250 000 - 300 000 vuotta sitten muodostuneet
kerrostumat mahtuvat n. 240 metriin. Viimeiset 10 000
vuotta taas muodostavat päällimmäiset 1 500 metriä.
'
(tietolaatikko:)
' Lyijy likasi ilmaa Caesarin aikaan'
' Roomalaiset olivat ilmakehän pilaajista ensimmäisiä. Siihen
viittaa 2000 vuotta vanha näyte, joka porattiin Grönkannin
mannerjäästä 450 metrin syvyydestä.
Julius Caesarin aikaan lyijystä valmistettiin astioita,
vesijohtoja ja meikkausvärejä. Lyijyn tärkeimpiä ominai-
suuksia oli kuitenkin se, että sen avulla hopea saatiin
erotettua malmista. Yhtä hopeatonnia valmistettaessa
taivaalle tuprusi 400 tonnia lyijy-yhdisteitä, jotka levi-
vivät tuulten mukana kaikkialle. Roomalaiset tuottivat
tonneittain hopeaa vuodessa !
Lyijymyrkytystä onkin pidetty yhtenä varteenotettavana
syynä Rooman valtakunnan tuhoon'
'
KAT-> Roman empire (at time of Caesar) used so much lead
that it spread to atmosphere and can be seen in ice cores
at 450 meters deep
-> Historical events give confirmation of
ice core's dating.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
QG. Internet: Evidence for antibiotic resistance by mutations
---------------------
Date: Wed, 01 Nov 1995 08:52:10 -0500 (CDT)
From: VVSVETLOV@UTMEM1.UTMEM.EDU
Subject: refs for drug-resistance
To: ktikkane@zombieREMOVETHISS.oulu.fi (old, does'nt exist, 2003)
Hi, Kari!
Medline is a database of biomedical literature maintained by NIH in USA.
It is available on the net at NCBI together with genbank and other related
databases. It is also distributed as CD's as a source or bibliographical
(Medline) or sequence data (Entrez) and is usually available in Universities
outside US.
Now to references:
Dowson, Hutchison and Spratt. Extensive remodelling of the transpeptidase
domain of penicillin-binding protein 2B of a penicillin-resistant South African
isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol. Microbiol., 1989, 3:95-102. -
multiple mutations leading to drug-resistance
Spratt. Resistance to antibiotics mediated by target alterations. Science,
1994, 264:388-393 (a good review of the field).
Morris et al. Molecular mechanisms of multiple drug resistance in clinical
isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosum. J. Infect. Dis., 1995, 171:954-960. -
provides evidence that primary mechanism of multi-drug reistance is
accumulation of mutations in individual target genes.
Bottger. Resistance to drugs targeting protein synthesis in mycobacteria.
Trends Microbiol., 1994, 2:416-421. Review of drug-resistance mutations in rRNA
genes in mycobacteria.
That's a few for priming.
>From general evolutionary considerations one can infer that if there are
mutations that alter the protein or rRNA structure in a way that drugs bound to
them no longer interfere with their function then there could be mutations
changing the structure of target protein RNA or protein in such a profound way
that they would not work without drug being bound to them. Therefore one might
expect to find not only drug-resistant but also drug-dependent strains -
strains that can not survive without drugs present.
It turns out to be true and here is one of the refs. for that:
Honore, Marchal, Cole. Novel mutation in 16S rRNA associated with streptomycin
dependence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1995,
39:769-770.
Have fun,
Vladmeister
------------------
From: vvsvetlov@utmem1.utmem.edu (killer yeast)
Newsgroups: talk.origins
Subject: refs.: drug-resistance mutations
Date: Fri, 03 Nov 1995 10:06:44 +0800
Organization: University of Tennessee
Lines: 50
Message-ID:
NNTP-Posting-Host: tcooper2.utmem.edu
On number of occasions I've been asked to send by e/mail references of
current mol.biol. publications dealing with drug-resistance mutations in
bacteria. I did and now I decided to post some of them for the benefit of
those who did not ask but would like to check them out:
Melanson, P., Lemiuex, C., and Brakier-Gingras, L. A mutation in the 530
loop of Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal RNA causes resistance to
streptomycin. Nucleic Acids Res., 1988, 16:9631-9. - self-evident
Pinard, R. et al. The 5' proximal helix of 16S rRNA is involved in the
binding of streptomycin to the ribosome. FASEB J., 1993, 7:173-6. - More
strep-resistant mutations.
Finken, M. et al. Molecular basis of streptmycin resistance in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: alterations of the ribosomal protein S12 gene
and point mutations within a functional 16S ribosomal RNA pseudoknot. Mol.
Microbiol., 1993, 9:1239-46.
Powers, T., and Noller, H. F. A functional pseodoknot in 16S ribosomal
RNA. EMBO J, 1991, 10:2203-14. - more mutations analysed structurally and
in strep. binding.
Smith, A.M., and Klugman, K. P. Alterations in penicillin-binding protein
2B from penicillin-resistant wild-type strains of Streptococcus
pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1995, 39:859-67. - mutations in
transpeptidase - enzyme that involved in synthesis of the cell wall and is
a target of penicillin.
Dowson, C. G., Hutchison, A., Spratt, B. G. Extensive re-modelling of the
transpeptidase domain of penicillin-binding protein 2B of a
penicillin-resistant South African isolate of Streptococcus pneumonia.
Mol. Microbiol. 1989, 3:95-102.
More refs to original papers can be found in the following reviews on the
subject:
Spratt, B. G. Resistance to antibiotics mediated by target alterations.
Science, 1994, 264: 388-93.
Bottger, E. C. Resistance to drugs targeting protein synthesis in
mycobacteria. Trends Microbiol., 1994, 2: 416-21.
And do not forget Medline.
Regards,
Vladmeister
------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------
QH. Internet: Biochemical family tree -> Error of Denton's & C's
-------------------------------------------------------------------
QI. Case,G.R.: FOSSIL GUIDE
/Gerard R. Case: A Pictorial Guide to Fossils, 1982.
515 sivua, yli 1300 valokuvaa ja piirrosta.
KAT:->Voi itse katsoa mitä erilaisia fossiileja oli ja miten
piirrokset vastaa kalliosta löydettyjä jäänteitä ja miten vaikea
on äkkipäätä erottaa kalaliskoa kalasta, pyrstösammakkoa liskosta,
nisäkäsmäistä liskoa nisäkkäästä.
Jokaisen evolutionistin ja kreationistin pitaisi käydä moinen
opus läpi ennenkuin alkaa mitään väitellä.
Jos joku irrottaisi kuvat ja pitäisi itse järjestää kuvat eliö
järjestelmäksi, niin huomaisi saman kuin Lamarck v. 1796, joka
pantiin johtajaksi Ranskan vasta perustettuun luonnonhistorian
museoon järjestelemään fossiilit erillisiin ryhmiin. Hän huomasi,
ettei siitä meinannut tulla mitään.
(Ks. Otavan Suuri Ensyklopedia, osa 2, "Evoluutio").
Tämä kokemus varmaan oli pohjana, kun Lamarck kehitti evoluutio-
teoriansa.
Mm. Oulun kaupunginkirjastossa on tuo mahtava opus fossiileista
-------------------------------------------------------------------
QJ. INTERNET: Denton-critique & morphological changes
http://rumba.ics.uci.edu:8080/faqs
-----------------------------------
The Talk.Origins Archive
Critique of Michael Denton's Evolution: A Theory in Crisis
Mark I. Vuletic
(vuletic@icarus.cc.uic.edu)
......
Denton, I suspect, would reply to this that yes, the
word-transformation analogy is awkward, but that it applies at some
level of biological change. It would not prevent small scale
anatomical changes, but it certainly would prevent large ones, even
through small steps. But since we have shown that small steps are
possible, what is to ever stop these small steps from continuing until
they have overhauled the organism entirely, as I noted in the
windup-to-digital watch transition? To demonstrate that the "limits of
biological change" (as some creationists affectionately refer to it)
are non-existent, I will list a few examples of observed major
structural change from the biological literature.
Consider the wildly varying plants of the genus Brassica (broccoli,
cauliflower, cabbages, kale, and brussel sprouts), which have been
derived through artificial selection from a single species of wild
mustard (Campbell, 1990, p.432). Anyone who has compared kale with
brussel sprouts can see their structures are extremely different [my
thanks to Elizabeth Hart for bringing Brassica to my attention --
MIV]. Another example of major structural change in dog varieties that
has resulted from selective breeding, and that is change within the
same species. Just look at the different varieties of dogs that exist
today, and ask whether a Chihuahua and St. Bernard can be connected
only by saltations? If such profound change can occur and speciation
does, as Denton conceded, occur, then what is to theoretically stop a
remote ancestor from evolving into all of the primates? What is to
theoretically stop an ancient ungulate from evolving into a whale, or
an ancient fish into an amphibian? The fossil record, as we will see
later on, provides even more evidence for major structural change,
both in skeletal and soft organ characteristics. Yet Denton persists:
While sentences, machines, and other sorts of complex systems can
undergo a certain degree of gradual functional change, there is
invariably a limit beyond which the system cannot undergo further
gradual change. To cross as it were from one "type" to another
necessitates a relatively massive reorganization involving the
redesign or respecification of all or most of the interacting
component subsystems. Systems can undergo gradual microevolution
through a succession of minor changes in their component structures
but macro-evolution invariably involves a sudden "saltational"
change. (Denton, 1985, p. 91)
--------------------------------
KAT: Remark! New morphological change does not necessary mean
(or need) origin of new species
-------------------------------------------------------------------
QK. INTERNET: Speciation examples
http://rumba.ics.uci.edu:8080/faqs
----------------------------------
Observed Instances of Speciation
Joseph Boxhorn
(jboxhorn@csd.uwm.edu)
Last updated: September 1, 1995
......
5.0 Observed Instances of Speciation
......
5.2 Speciations in Plant Species not Involving Hybridization or Polyploidy
5.2.1 Stephanomeira malheurensis
Gottlieb (1973) documented the speciation of Stephanomeira
malheurensis. He found a single small population ( 25,000 plants) of
S. exigua in Harney Co., Oregon. Both species are diploid and have the
same number of chromosomes (N = 8). S. exigua is an obligate
outcrosser exhibiting sporophytic self-incompatibility. S.
malheurensis exhibits no self- incompatibility and self-pollinates.
Though the two species look very similar, Gottlieb was able to
document morphological differences in five characters plus chromosomal
differences. F1 hybrids between the species produces only 50% of the
seeds and 24% of the pollen that conspecific crosses produced. F2
hybrids showed various developmental abnormalities.
......
-----------------------------------------------------------------
QL. INTERNET: Morphological changes and multicellularity
http://rumba.ics.uci.edu:8080/faqs
----------------------------------
5.9 A Couple of Ambiguous Cases
So far the BSC has applied to all of the experiments discussed. The
following are a couple of major morphological changes produced in
asexual species. Do these represent speciation events? The answer
depends on how species is defined.
5.9.1 Coloniality in Chlorella vulgaris
Boraas (1983) reported the induction of multicellularity in a strain
of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (since reclassified as C. vulgaris) by
predation. He was growing the unicellular green alga in the first
stage of a two stage continuous culture system as for food for a
flagellate predator, Ochromonas sp., that was growing in the second
stage. Due to the failure of a pump, flagellates washed back into the
first stage. Within five days a colonial form of the Chlorella
appeared. It rapidly came to dominate the culture. The colony size
ranged from 4 cells to 32 cells. Eventually it stabilized at 8 cells.
This colonial form has persisted in culture for about a decade. The
new form has been keyed out using a number of algal taxonomic keys.
They key out now as being in the genus Coelosphaerium, which is in a
different family from Chlorella.
5.9.2 Morphological Changes in Bacteria
Shikano, et al. (1990) reported that an unidentified bacterium
underwent a major morphological change when grown in the presence of a
ciliate predator. This bacterium's normal morphology is a short (1.5
um) rod. After 8 - 10 weeks of growing with the predator it assumed
the form of long (20 um) cells. These cells have no cross walls.
Filaments of this type have also been produced under circumstances
similar to Boraas' induction of multicellularity in Chlorella.
Microscopic examination of these filaments is described in Gillott et
al. (1993). Multicellularity has also been produced in unicellular
bacterial by predation (Nakajima and Kurihara 1994). In this study,
growth in the presence of protozoal grazers resulted in the production
of chains of bacterial cells.
6.0 References
......
Boraas, M. E. 1983. Predator induced evolution in chemostat culture.
EOS. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union. 64:1102.
......
Shikano, S., L. S. Luckinbill and Y. Kurihara. 1990. Changes of traits
in a bacterial population associated with protozoal predation.
Microbial Ecology. 20:75-84.
--------------------------------
KAT->one-celled algae developed into multicellularity
->morphological changes observed among bacteria
-> German creationist Scherer's claims (that
bacteria are morphologically stable) are wrong
-> multicellularity has been produced in unicellular bacteria
-------------------------------------------------------------------
QM. Denton-critique and intermediate stage in insect flight evolution
------------------------------
From: macrae@geo.ucalgary.ca (Andrew MacRae)
Newsgroups: talk.origins
Subject: Re: Michael Denton's _A Theory in Crisis_ -- insect wings
Date: 9 Feb 1995 04:48:32 GMT
Organization: The University of Calgary
In article <3hb6a9$otg@paul.spu.edu> jlowder@paul.spu.edu (Jeff Lowder)
writes:
>
> Hi. I've been talking to a local creationist who is using some of the
> arguments in Denton's book as arguments against evolution. Does t.o
> have an FAQ on Denton? He seems to be impressed with "our inability to
> even 'envision' how some purported transitions (reptiles to birds, etc.)
> could have been successful at all". Thanks in advance.
>
Check out:
Marden, J.H. and Kramer, M.G., 1994 (21 October).
Surface-skimming stoneflies: A possible intermediate stage in insect
flight evolution. Science, v.266, p.427-431.
And the "news and views" article on p.363 of the same issue.
It demonstrates a possible mechanism for the development of wings
in insects. Whether right or wrong (much of the idea remains to be
tested, although the experimental results are rather impressive), it at
least demonstrates this transition has been "envisioned", contrary to
Denton's claim. Plenty of others have also been "envisioned" and even
successfully tested.
-Andrew
macrae@geo.ucalgary.ca
home page: "http://geo.ucalgary.ca/~macrae/current_projects.html"
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QN. MEDLINE: Antibiotic resistance using UV irradiation -> mutations
/Mikrobiologiia 55: 607-11 (1986)[87038876]
[Study of the resistance of Candida guilliermondii to polyene
antibiotics] E. N. Durasova, N. P. Mikhailova, K. A. V'iunova,
V. M. Bakulev & V. N. Sokolov/
'250 Candida guilliermondii strains resistant to the polyene
antibiotics nystatin, levorin and amphotericin B were obtained using
UV irradiation. When the mutant strains became resistant to one of the
polyene antibiotics, their resistance to the other ones changed.
Phenotypic analysis showed that the resistance of the strains to
polyene antibiotics did not make them susceptible to a rise in osmotic
pressure and to a change of the temperature of incubation. Some of the
polyene-resistant strains were stained in a medium with methylene
blue. Analysis of the sterol composition in the mutants by UV
spectroscopy showed that the resistance to polyene antibiotics
sometimes involved changes in the sterol composition. Two new UV
spectrum types were recorded for the sterols of the mutant strains;
they differed from the UV spectrum for the sterols of the parent
sensitive strain.
'
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(c) Mr.K.A.Tikkanen
First version on paper 1996 - Updated 29.4.2004